妇女节的来由和发展

伯明汉国际英语

   
   
    国际妇女节是在每年的3月8日为庆祝妇女在经济、政治和社会等领域做出的重要贡献和取得的巨大成就而设立的节日。同时，也是为了纪念在1911年美国纽约三角工厂火灾中丧生的140多名女工。   
   
   
    设立国际妇女节的想法是最先产生于20世纪初，当时西方各国正处在快速工业化和经济扩张阶段。恶劣的工作条件和低廉的工资使得各类抗议和罢工活动此起彼伏。1857年3月8日，美国纽约的制衣和纺织女工走上街头，抗议恶劣的工作条件和低薪。尽管后来当局出动警察攻击并驱散了抗议人群，但这次抗议活动促成了两年后的3月第一个工会组织的建立。
   
   
    接下来的数年里，几乎每年的3月8日都有类似的抗议游行活动。其中最为引人注目的是在1908年，当时有将近15000名妇女走上纽约街头，要求缩短工作时间，增加工资和享有选举权等，并喊出了象征经济保障和生活质量的“面包加玫瑰”的口号。首次庆祝妇女节是在1909年2月28日，当时美国社会党发表了一项宣言，号召在每年2月的最后一个星期日举行纪念活动。这样每年的庆祝活动一直持续到1913年。1910年，社会主义国际在丹麦哥本哈根召开首届国际妇女会议。会上德国妇女运动领袖克拉拉•蔡特金（Clara Zetkin）倡议设定一天为国际妇女节，得到与会代表的积极响应。次年3月19日，奥地利、丹麦、德国和瑞士等国总共超过一百万人举行各种活动庆祝国际妇女节。6天之后的3月25日，纽约发生了著名的三角工厂火灾，火灾吞噬了140多名制衣女工的生命，这其中大多数是意大利和犹太移民。而恶劣的工作条件被认为是导致如此重大伤亡的主要原因。这场火灾后来还对美国的劳工立法产生了重要影响。
   
   
    而在第一次世界大战爆发前夕，欧洲的妇女们也于1913年3月8日走上街头，通过举行和平集会等形式反对战争。
   
   
    纪念国际妇女节的活动后来还证明是俄国革命的前奏。1917年3月8日，当时的俄国妇女举行罢工，要求得到“面包与和平”。4天后，沙皇被迫退位，临时政府宣布赋予妇女选举权。十月革命成功之后，布尔什维克的女权活动家科伦泰（Alexandra Kollontai）说服列宁将3月8日设为法定假日。苏联时期，每年都会在这天纪念“英雄的妇女工作者”。不过在民众中，节日的政治色彩逐渐减弱而演变成类似西方的母亲节和情人节之类向女性表达尊敬和爱意的机会。至今，这天仍是俄罗斯的法定假日，男性会赠送礼物给妇女以祝贺她们的节日。
   
   
    在西方国家，国际妇女节的纪念活动在上世纪二三十年代期间正常举行，但后来一度中断。直到1960年代，随着女权运动的兴起才又逐渐恢复。
   
   
    1924年，中国共产党在广州首次举行了妇女节的纪念活动。1949年，大陆中央政府成立后正式将3月8日定为妇女节，该日全国妇女放假半天，并举行各种形式的庆祝活动。在台湾、香港和澳门等地，妇女节也都作为一个节日予以庆祝。但在1991年，中华民国内政部却取消了原本妇女节时妇女可以放假的规定。
   
   
    联合国从1975年国际妇女年开始，每年于3月8日举办活动庆祝国际妇女节。
International Women's Day （8 March） is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.
   
   
    International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage.
   
   
    The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence, booming population growth and radical ideologies. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:
   
   
    1909
   
   
    In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.
   
   
    1910
   
   
    The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
   
   
    1911
   
   
    As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time （19 March） in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
   
   
    Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.
   
   
    1913-1914
   
   
    As part of the peace movement brewing on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with their sisters.
   
   
    1917
   
   
    With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.
   
   
    Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated efforts to demand women's rights and participation in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.
   
   
    The Role of the United Nations
   
   
    Few causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.
   
   
    Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement of women has taken four clear directions: promotion of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women..
   
   
    International Women's Day (IWD)
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